Study of Liquid Flow with Bubbles in Pipes

In oil and gas industry, fluid flow in pipe is a common occurrence and creates several critical issues. Produced wellhead fluids are often mixtures of different compounds of carbon, all with different densities, vapor pressures, and other characteristics. The change of pressure and temperature results in the evolving of gas as the production is lifted up to higher elevation. This multiphase flow complicates the flow metering. Cavitation, which involves the evolving and collapsing of bubbles in liquid, is another problem related to fluid flow. The existence of bubbles in liquid flow causes unfavorable issues for example pressure drop through pipeline, vibration, cavitation and multiphase metering. Thus, the objective of this project is to study the behavior of bubbles in flowing liquid and understand how it affects the fluid flow

Multiancestry analysis of the HLA locus in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases uncovers a shared adaptive immune response mediated by HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes

Across multiancestry groups, we analyzed Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) associations in over 176,000 individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus controls. We demonstrate that the two diseases share the same protective association at the HLA locus. HLA-specific fine-mapping showed that hierarchical protective effects of HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes best accounted for the association, strongest with HLA-DRB1*04:04 and HLA-DRB1*04:07, and intermediary with HLA-DRB1*04:01 and HLA-DRB1*04:03. The same signal was associated with decreased neurofibrillary tangles in postmortem brains and was associated with reduced tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and to a lower extent with increased Aβ42. Protective HLA-DRB1*04 subtypes strongly bound the aggregation-prone tau PHF6 sequence, however only when acetylated at a lysine (K311), a common posttranslational modification central to tau aggregation. An HLA-DRB1*04-mediated adaptive immune response decreases PD and AD risks, potentially by acting against tau, offering the possibility of therapeutic avenues